The Seasonality of Global Land and Ocean Mass and the Changing Water Cycle

The global water cycle is generally viewed as the cycling of masses among land, ocean, and atmosphere. This predominantly occurs at annual time scale between land constituting seasonal cycle. NASA’s Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) GRACE-Follow On missions can directly observe describe changes in its intensity. We present amplitudes ocean mass anomalies 04/2002 11/2020. find that average amplitude 17.0 ± 0.6 mm sea level equivalent (SLE), interannual variability (σ = 1.1 SLE) comparable to long-term trends masses. investigate two periods rapid amplification deamplification during which changed much 29%, hydroclimatology certain regions modulate